Round 56

How to Fund Public Transit

A mid-sized city has a transit system facing a recurring operating deficit and aging bus fleet. Ridership is recovering unevenly after a service cut, but the city also needs to reduce congestion, improve air quality, and protect low-income riders from fare increases. The council has a limited budget and can raise only about 6% more annual revenue without triggering a broad political backlash. Decision-makers must choose a funding strategy that balances equity, reliability, speed of implementation, and long-term fiscal stability. Experts disagree on whether to rely more on users, drivers, employers, or general taxpayers, and each option creates different incentives and distributional effects.

Dashboard

Status

DECIDED

Winner

C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods.

Majority

C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods.

Duration

5358 ms

Topic

Options

C Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods.
3.00 of 3 PPV winner
A Create a congestion fee for the central business district, dedicating all proceeds to transit operations and bus-lane enforcement, with exemptions for essential vehicles and residents inside the zone.
0.00 of 3
B Fund transit primarily through a citywide payroll tax on large employers, arguing that transit is an economic infrastructure benefit that should be paid for broadly by businesses and workers.
0.00 of 3
D Shift funding from the general fund through a dedicated sales-tax transfer, keeping fares mostly unchanged and prioritizing service restoration over new capital spending.
0.00 of 3
E Raise fares moderately while expanding discounted passes for low-income riders, using the added revenue to restore service frequency on core routes and defer fleet replacement.
0.00 of 3

Checks

Baselines

PPV no gold answer
Majority no gold answer
Comparison PPV matched majority
k samples8
Agents3
Parsed samples 24 / 24
Quality near unanimous split

PPV

Top Influences

Claude Sonnet 5 · delegate 1.106
Gemini 3 Flash Preview · delegate 1.106
GPT 5.4 mini · delegate 1.000

Samples

Answer Distribution

Claude Sonnet 5 C: 8
GPT 5.4 mini C: 7 A: 1
Gemini 3 Flash Preview C: 8

PPV

Influences

Label Role Score
Claude Sonnet 5 delegate 1.106
Gemini 3 Flash Preview delegate 1.106
GPT 5.4 mini delegate 1.000

Voting matrix

Constructed Delegation Matrix

To / From Claude Sonnet 5 GPT 5.4 mini Gemini 3 Flash Preview
Claude Sonnet 5 0.0000.1060.000
GPT 5.4 mini 0.0000.0000.000
Gemini 3 Flash Preview 0.0000.1060.000
A 0.0000.0000.000
B 0.0000.0000.000
C 1.0000.7891.000
D 0.0000.0000.000
E 0.0000.0000.000

Embeddings

Sample Embeddings

24 samples
Claude Sonnet 5 sample #0 · C · 1536 dims C Claude Sonnet 5 sample #1 · C · 1536 dims C Claude Sonnet 5 sample #2 · C · 1536 dims C Claude Sonnet 5 sample #3 · C · 1536 dims C Claude Sonnet 5 sample #4 · C · 1536 dims C Claude Sonnet 5 sample #5 · C · 1536 dims C Claude Sonnet 5 sample #6 · C · 1536 dims C Claude Sonnet 5 sample #7 · C · 1536 dims C GPT 5.4 mini sample #0 · C · 1536 dims C GPT 5.4 mini sample #1 · A · 1536 dims A GPT 5.4 mini sample #2 · C · 1536 dims C GPT 5.4 mini sample #3 · C · 1536 dims C GPT 5.4 mini sample #4 · C · 1536 dims C GPT 5.4 mini sample #5 · C · 1536 dims C GPT 5.4 mini sample #6 · C · 1536 dims C GPT 5.4 mini sample #7 · C · 1536 dims C Gemini 3 Flash Preview sample #0 · C · 1536 dims C Gemini 3 Flash Preview sample #1 · C · 1536 dims C Gemini 3 Flash Preview sample #2 · C · 1536 dims C Gemini 3 Flash Preview sample #3 · C · 1536 dims C Gemini 3 Flash Preview sample #4 · C · 1536 dims C Gemini 3 Flash Preview sample #5 · C · 1536 dims C Gemini 3 Flash Preview sample #6 · C · 1536 dims C Gemini 3 Flash Preview sample #7 · C · 1536 dims C
Claude Sonnet 5 GPT 5.4 mini Gemini 3 Flash Preview

Samples

Agent Responses

Claude Sonnet 5 openai_compatible · anthropic/claude-sonnet-5
#0 C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods. 1536 dims

The split package (C) matches the constraints best: it stays within the roughly 6% revenue ceiling by combining several small, politically tolerable increases rather than one large hike, spreads the burden across riders, drivers, and beneficiary property owner...

#1 C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods. 1536 dims

Given the tight 6% revenue cap and the need to balance equity, reliability, and fiscal stability without political backlash, a diversified funding approach spreads burden and risk across multiple stakeholders rather than concentrating it on one group. This red...

#2 C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods. 1536 dims

The split package (C) directly matches the stated constraint of raising only ~6% more revenue without political backlash, since it spreads modest increases across three distinct sources (riders, drivers, and property owners near high-service corridors) rather ...

#3 C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods. 1536 dims

Given the tight ~6% revenue ceiling and the need to balance equity, reliability, and fiscal stability without political backlash, the split package spreads the burden across multiple stakeholders (riders, drivers, and beneficiary property owners) rather than c...

#4 C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods. 1536 dims

Given the 6% revenue cap and the need to balance equity, reliability, and fiscal stability without a single politically risky lever, spreading the burden across multiple smaller sources reduces backlash risk while still generating meaningful revenue. A blended...

#5 C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods. 1536 dims

Given the ~6% revenue ceiling and the need to balance equity, reliability, congestion/air-quality goals, and fiscal durability without political backlash, a diversified approach that spreads costs across multiple stakeholders is safer than betting on one lever...

#6 C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods. 1536 dims

Given the 6% revenue ceiling and the need to balance equity, reliability, and fiscal durability, a diversified approach spreads risk and burden across multiple constituencies rather than concentrating political or economic strain on one group. Option C achieve...

#7 C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods. 1536 dims

Given the tight 6% revenue ceiling and the need to balance equity, reliability, and fiscal stability, a diversified approach spreads risk and burden rather than relying on a single volatile or regressive source. Option C combines modest contributions from ride...

GPT 5.4 mini openai_compatible · openai/gpt-5.4-mini
#0 C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods. 1536 dims

The best choice is the split package because it spreads the burden across multiple groups, reducing backlash while staying closer to the 6% revenue limit. It also better matches the policy goals: some user contribution, some driver contribution, and some local...

#1 A · Create a congestion fee for the central business district, dedicating all proceeds to transit operations and bus-lane enforcement, with exemptions for essential vehicles and residents inside the zone. 1536 dims

The best choice is the option that most directly meets the city’s goals while staying politically feasible and protecting equity. A congestion fee in the central business district both raises revenue and advances the city’s congestion and air-quality goals, an...

#2 C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods. 1536 dims

The city needs a funding source that is politically feasible, reasonably fast to implement, and not overly burdensome on low-income riders. A congestion fee is strong on incentives, but it may be too politically difficult and could face backlash from drivers a...

#3 C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods. 1536 dims

The best choice is the split package because it spreads the burden across multiple groups, which improves equity and makes it easier to stay within the city’s limited political and fiscal room. A small fare increase plus parking and targeted property taxes als...

#4 C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods. 1536 dims

The best option is the split package because it spreads the burden across multiple groups, which improves equity and reduces backlash compared with relying on only riders, employers, or the general fund. It also raises revenue from users, drivers, and benefiti...

#5 C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods. 1536 dims

Option C best fits the constraints because it spreads the burden across multiple groups, which helps limit backlash while still raising some recurring revenue. It also balances equity and implementation speed better than a single large tax or fare hike, and it...

#6 C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods. 1536 dims

The best option is the one that most directly matches the city’s constraints: limited room for revenue growth, need to protect low-income riders, and the desire to balance multiple payer groups rather than overburdening one. A split package spreads costs acros...

#7 C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods. 1536 dims

The best option is the split package because it spreads the burden across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods, which helps with equity and reduces political resistance compared with a single large tax. It also creates multiple revenue streams, improv...

Gemini 3 Flash Preview openai_compatible · google/gemini-3-flash-preview
#0 C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods. 1536 dims

Option (C) provides the most balanced approach by diversifying revenue streams to minimize the political and economic impact on any single group. It addresses the 6% revenue constraint while linking costs to those who benefit most from transit proximity and th...

#1 C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods. 1536 dims

Option (C) is the most balanced approach because it spreads the financial responsibility across multiple stakeholders—riders, drivers, and property owners—while staying within the 6% revenue growth constraint. This strategy captures value from those who benefi...

#2 C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods. 1536 dims

Option (C) provides a balanced revenue approach that mitigates political backlash by spreading the 6% burden across multiple stakeholders rather than targeting a single group. The property-tax levy captures value from high-service corridors, while the parking ...

#3 C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods. 1536 dims

Option (C) provides the most balanced approach by spreading the financial burden across multiple stakeholders, minimizing the political and economic impact of any single tax or fee. This multifaceted strategy addresses the city's diverse needs for equity (via ...

#4 C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods. 1536 dims

Option (C) balances the competing goals of equity, reliability, and fiscal stability by spreading the financial burden across multiple stakeholders—riders, drivers, and property owners—rather than targeting a single group. The parking surcharge and property ta...

#5 C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods. 1536 dims

Option (C) provides the most balanced approach by diversifying revenue streams to reach the 6% target without placing an undue burden on a single group. By combining a small fare increase with parking surcharges and property-tax levies, the city addresses fisc...

#6 C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods. 1536 dims

Option (C) is the most balanced approach as it distributes the financial burden across multiple stakeholders—riders, drivers, and property owners—while staying within the political revenue constraints. This "split package" minimizes the impact on low-income ri...

#7 C · Adopt a split package: a small fare increase, a modest parking surcharge, and a targeted property-tax levy near high-service corridors to spread costs across riders, drivers, and benefiting neighborhoods. 1536 dims

Option (C) offers a balanced, diversified approach that addresses the city’s complex goals by distributing the financial burden across multiple stakeholders rather than a single group. This strategy preserves equity through moderate fare changes, discourages c...

Timings

Stages

Sampling5070 ms
Embedding275 ms
Signals12 ms
PPV1 ms

Errors

Agent and Round Errors

No errors recorded.